Aiming at the high risk of safety accidents and great difficulties in safety management during the construction of tunnels in collapsible loess, this study establishes a mechanism model for evaluating the construction safety resilience of collapsible loess tunnels. Based on the 4M1E theory, the model is constructed from five dimensions of man, machine, material, method and environment according to the factors affecting tunnel construction safety, while incorporating four characteristic elements of resilience theory, namely resistance, redundancy, recoverability and adaptability. Evaluation indicators are selected through three approaches: construction technology analysis, accident cause investigation and literature review, and further screened using the Delphi method. Finally, an evaluation indicator system consisting of 28 indicators is established. The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory combined with Interpretive Structural Modeling (DEMATEL-ISM) is adopted to analyze the interactive relationships among all indicators, and a directed topological hierarchy diagram is plotted. Analysis on the hierarchical structure from multiple dimensions reveals that indicators such as maximum monthly rainfall and deformation rate exert prominent impacts on construction safety. The extension cloud model is integrated into the hierarchical network via weighted aggregation to develop a comprehensive evaluation model. Indicator weights are calculated following two logics: result priority and cause priority. Taking the Qindong Tunnel as a case study, the evaluation results under both logics indicate a general resilience level. Combined with actual engineering conditions, targeted countermeasures are proposed for low-resilience indicators including construction personnel"s self-rescue capability. This research improves the extension cloud model with DEMATEL-ISM, offering new ideas for the development of resilience evaluation methods. The case verification results are consistent with actual conditions, which can serve as a reference for safety guarantee during the construction of similar projects.