Automatic adhesive application technology is recognized as a key manufacturing process for ensuring the structural integrity, sealing reliability, and long service life of modern aircraft. Its technical core has evolved from basic trajectory reproduction into a complex system that integrates precise sensing, intelligent decision-making, and adaptive control. In consideration of the characteristics of aviation products—namely large dimensions, complex surfaces, and small-batch production of multiple varieties—three core technologies of automatic adhesive application equipment are systematically reviewed in this paper: adaptive trajectory generation for complex surfaces, precise control of adhesive distribution, and the integration of dedicated equipment for typical scenarios. In terms of trajectory generation, the application scenarios, advantages, and disadvantages of teaching programming, offline programming, and point-cloud-based flexible programming are compared. Furthermore, the technical principle and engineering application effect of online compensation via visual sensing are elaborated. Regarding adhesive control, the technical features of the precision metering pump solution are analyzed, along with the multi-parameter process optimization method based on experimental design and the response surface methodology. In the context of equipment integration, the automatic fastener sealing system and the gantry robot coating system are taken as examples to demonstrate typical application outcomes. Finally, current bottlenecks—such as low digitalization of process knowledge and insufficient online detection means—are pointed out, and future development directions, including digital twin-driven approaches, intelligent adaptive processes, and green function integration, are envisioned.