As a stable and clean energy source, geothermal energy plays an important role in the green energy transition. Hot Dry Rock (HDR) has attracted extensive global attention and is regarded as a promising research frontier. Severe technical challenges are brought to HDR exploration and development by its high-temperature, high-pressure and high-hardness geological environments. Recent breakthroughs of typical Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) projects in the United States are analyzed, and practical references are supplied for domestic HDR development. Technical advances in drilling, reservoir stimulation, fracturing monitoring and heat extraction are systematically illustrated. Drilling efficiency is greatly improved by optimizing profiled drill bits and drilling processes. Various reservoir stimulation methods and combined fracturing monitoring technologies have been fully investigated and applied, which provide solid support for analyzing fracture evolution and assessing stimulation effects. Meanwhile, breakthroughs are urgently needed in the development of high-speed high-temperature resistant drilling tools, construction of complex fracture networks, intelligent monitoring and long-term stable heat extraction. The characteristics and distribution of geothermal resources in China are compared and analyzed. Southern Xizang hosts HDR resources with the highest temperature, and the Yunnan, Guizhou region, southeastern coastal areas and North China are major favorable development areas with rich reserves and complicated geological conditions. Targeted technical directions including high-efficiency drilling, complex fracture network construction and intelligent monitoring are proposed. Diversified development modes covering power generation, industrial heat supply and geothermal cascade utilization are also suggested according to local conditions, so as to promote the commercial application of HDR in China.