In the context of increasingly scarce oil resources, enhancing oil recovery has become crucial for the sustainable development of the petroleum industry. Amphiphilic graphene oxide (GO), with its unique two-dimensional sheet structure, controllable surface properties, and excellent surface activity, holds broad application prospects in the field of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This paper systematically reviews the synthesis methods, performance evaluation, and research progress on oil displacement mechanisms of amphiphilic graphene oxide, with a particular focus on the innovation and application of its composite oil displacement technology. The article analyzes synthesis strategies such as covalent bond functionalization and non-covalent bond modification, summarizes the performance in core displacement experiments, provides a detailed analysis of key oil displacement mechanisms such as reducing interfacial tension and wetting reversal, and predicts the existing problems and future development directions of this technology, offering a theoretical basis for its application in oil and gas fields.