Aiming at the problems that the electrical conductivity of the structure is affected by the configuration and the electrical conductivity is difficult to evaluate accurately. A topology optimization design and experimental verification method for the electrical conductivity of cellular structures is proposed. Firstly, a three-dimensional numerical homogenization method based on electrostatic field theory is studied. The evaluation of the equivalent conductive properties of three-dimensional cellular structures is realized. Secondly, a topology optimization model for maximizing the electrical conductivity of cellular structures at the microscopic scale is established. It is based on the variable density topology optimization method subject to volume fraction constraint. Thirdly, the sensitivity of the objective function is analyzed using the adjoint variable method. The Optimality Criteria is used to solve the model. The topology optimization design of cellular structure under different initial structure designs and volume fractions is realized. Finally, the equivalent conductive properties of the cellular structures are further verified by finite element analysis and experiment. The study shows that this method can effectively optimize the electrical conductivity of cellular structures.