With the increasing maritime traffic density, the frequency of maritime traffic emergencies is also rising, and the emergency rescue has been paid more and more attention. In order to improve the efficiency of emergency rescue, the actual rescue process of maritime traffic emergency is considered as the pointcut, the index system of maritime traffic emergency rescue efficiency is constructed from four aspects of information perception, collaborative judgment, scheme decision-making and rescue action. The index weights are assigned by hierarchical entropy approach, and the system dynamics (SD) model of maritime traffic emergency rescue efficiency is established. Vensim software is used to analyze the influence of different indexes on emergency rescue efficiency under different conditions, providing a reference for improving the efficiency of emergency rescue in maritime traffic. The results show that the efficiency of maritime traffic emergency rescue can be enhanced by adjusting the emergency rescue strategy according to the complexity of the accident, establishing a comprehensive and uninterrupted rescue information perception network, and shortening the rescue delay time.