Objective: To study the effect of anti tuberculosis treatment on the serum level of cytokines in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: 70 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were selected as the research subjects. The patients were divided into the treatment group and the control group according to the treatment of the patients. Results: the serum levels of cells in the treatment group in the cytoplasm and membrane mainly showed light brown changes in the control group in the cytoplasm and membrane was pale brown, brown yellow change. The serum levels of cytokines in the treatment group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). The cytokines in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the serum levels of anti tuberculosis treatment group were significantly different (P<0.01). The expression of cytokine mRNA in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression of cytokine mRNA in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). IFN- content in serum increased with the increase of bacteria load, IFN- gamma content in sputum decreased with increasing amount of bacteria load, there was a significant relationship (P<0.01). The serum TNF- content increased with the increase of strain rate, and the content of TNF- in serum increased with the increase of strain rate, and the correlation was significant (P<0.01). The content of IL-10 in serum increased with the increase of strain rate, and the correlation was very significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: the anti tuberculosis treatment of tuberculosis patients in serum cytokines play an important role in.