Accurate calculation of the quality factor and inverse Q filtering are important means to improve the resolution of seismic data. For quality factor estimation, three methods are studied, such as the spectral ratio method, centroid frequency method and peak frequency method. Numerical simulation results show that the spectral ratio method is better than the other two methods in terms of accuracy and stability. For seismic wave absorption compensation, focuses on the two stable inverse Q filtering methods, such as the method based on stable factor and the method based on inversion. Comparative results show that although the two methods are different in the model and the use of quality factor, both can stably and effectively compensate and correct the amplitude attenuation and phase distortion of seismic wave, and also find that inverse Q filtering exits low frequency weakening effect in normalized amplitude.