In order to study the deformation law of the surrounding rock of the goaf section of high-speed railway tunnel, the typical goaf section of the Huanghouling tunnel of the Taijiao high-speed railway is taken as the background. The deformation law of the surrounding rock of high-speed railway tunnel under different construction stages is compared and analyzed through the continuous monitoring of the deformation of the surrounding rock of the tunnel and the internal force of the arch frame on the typical section. The analysis results show that the maximum settlement deformation of the tunnel occurs at the vault, accounting for more than 50% of the total deformation, and the closer the tunnel is to the goaf floor, the greater the influence of excavation and goaf disturbance on the surrounding rock. The stress of the steel arch is the whole ring compressive stress, and the overall distribution is characterized by "small on the top and small on the bottom" and "uneven symmetry". The maximum stress is at the vault and right arch shoulder. And with the distance of the face of the palm, the change rate of the axial force of the arch is decreasing. Combined with the analysis results of displacement and stress monitoring data, the influence height of goaf on the tunnel is about 25.7m. The research results can provide reference for the design and construction of similar tunnel goaf engineering.