Abstract:Since the introduction of the “Belt and Road”, the major railway projects under construction in China have grown rapidly. While promoting economic development and enhancing regional interconnection, railway construction has also had a certain degree of impact on the local natural ecological environment, resulting in railway construction. The monitoring and analysis of the ecological environment and socio-economic impacts can provide scientific and effective information support for the “Belt and Road” project construction. This paper uses multi-scale and multi-source remote sensing data, through remote sensing and GIS technology, from the aspects of ecological resource occupation and loss, biodiversity conservation measures, night light index, etc., taking the “Belt and Road” major railway project Benguela Railway as an example, It monitors and analyzes the ecological environment and social and economic impacts along the line, and aims to provide scientific and effective guidance for the future ecological protection of railway projects. The results show that: (1) The construction of Benguela railway project does not cause destructive disturbance to the overall pattern of natural ecological environment along the line. The natural ecological resources occupied by the project construction are small, and the biodiversity of the area is protected. (2) Construction of Benguela Railway It promoted economic development along the line, greatly shortened the transit time between cities along the line, realized the interconnection of railways in the southern African region, and greatly reduced the cost and time of resource transportation in neighboring countries; (3) through remote sensing and GIS technology, It can quickly, quantitatively and objectively monitor the natural ecological environment and social and economic impacts of railway engineering construction, and has certain reference significance for the future research and ecological protection of railway engineering construction.